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The American College of Phlebology



Society of Interventional Radiology

Canadian Society for Vascular Surgery

Toronto Endovascular Centre

This website has been created by physicians for the education and referral methods for other physicians

Peripheral Artery Occlusive Disease (PAD) & Claudication

 

Background

How Can PAD Be Diagnosed?

Treatment Options

How Can I Get Screened & Treated for PAD?

Common Questions & Answers

Bibliography

 

 


Bibliography

  1. Becker, GJ, et al. The Importance of Increasing Public and Physician Awareness of Peripheral Arterial Disease. JVIR, 2002; 13:7-11.
  2. Sacks, D. et al. Position Statement on the Use of the Ankle Brachial Index in the Evaluation of Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease. A consensus statement . JVIR, vol. 13; 353
  3. Weitz JI, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities: a critical review . Circulation 1996: 94:3026-3049.
  4. Vogt MT, Wolfson SK, Kuller LH. Lower extremity arterial disease and the aging process: a review . J Clin Epidemiol, 1992, May;45(5):529-42
  5. Newman AB, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Vogt MT, Kuller LH. Morbidity and mortality in hypertensive adults with a low ankle/arm blood pressure index . JAMA, 1993 July 28;270(4):487-9
  6. Ernst E., Fialka V. A review of the clinical effectiveness of exercise therapy for intermittent claudication . Arch Intern Med 1993 Oct 25;153(20):2357-60
  7. Radack K., Wyderski RJ. Conservative management of intermittent claudication. Ann Intern Med, 1990 Jul 15;113(2):135-46
  8. Williams LR, Ekers MA, Collins PS, Lee JF. Vascular rehabilitation: benefits of a structured exercise/risk modification program . J Vasc Surg 1991 Sep;14(3):320-6
  9. Criqui MH, Fronek A, Barrett-Connor E, Klauber MR, Gabriel S, Goodman D. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population . Circulation 1985 Mar;71(3):510-5
  10. Krupski WC. The peripheral vascular consequences of smoking. Ann Vasc Surg 1991 May;5(3):291-304
  11. McGill HC Jr. The cardiovascular pathology of smoking . Am Heart J 1988 Jan;115(1 Pt 2):250-7

 

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